Mediterranean Diet and Exercise Prevent Type 2 Diabetes, Study Shows

Mediterranean Diet and Exercise Prevent Type 2 Diabetes, Study Shows

M Hasan    10:14 PM   

The Power of Lifestyle Changes in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes

A recent study has shown that a combination of a lower-calorie Mediterranean diet, regular exercise, and professional nutritional support can significantly reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in individuals who are overweight or severely obese, particularly those aged between 55 and 75. This research highlights the potential for lifestyle modifications to have a profound impact on public health.

Dr. Frank Hu, coauthor of the study and a leading expert in nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, emphasized that modest and sustained changes in diet and lifestyle could prevent millions of cases of type 2 diabetes globally. According to the findings published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, participants who followed a lower-calorie Mediterranean diet, engaged in moderate daily exercise, and received professional weight loss support experienced a 31% reduction in their risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those who only followed the Mediterranean diet.

Hu explained that this significant reduction is likely due to multiple factors, including improved diet quality, increased physical activity, and modest weight loss. Participants also saw a notable decrease in body fat percentage, particularly visceral adiposity (belly fat), and an improvement in their body mass index. These changes in body composition may have played a crucial role in reducing diabetes risk.

Christopher Gardner, a professor at Stanford University, initially found the study results "boring" because it was well-established that calorie reduction, a plant-forward diet with healthy fats, and exercise can help prevent type 2 diabetes. However, he later recognized the study's significance, noting that most people struggle to maintain these lifestyle changes over time. In contrast, the participants in this study demonstrated remarkable adherence to the program over six years, leading to lasting lifestyle changes.

Long-Term Support and Adherence

The study is part of a larger eight-year randomized clinical trial called Predimed-Plus, conducted in Spain. It involved 6,874 participants with body mass indexes ranging from 27 to 40, all of whom had metabolic syndrome—a condition characterized by high blood pressure, high blood sugar, altered cholesterol levels, and excess abdominal fat. Metabolic syndrome is a known risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, as well as heart disease and stroke.

Half of the participants were asked to follow a Mediterranean diet with a 30% reduction in calories, which equates to about 600 calories per day. They were encouraged to limit added sugars, refined breads and cereals, butter, cream, processed meats, and sweetened drinks. The diet included a higher proportion of healthy fats, such as extra virgin olive oil, along with balanced amounts of carbohydrates and protein.

Participants also engaged in 45 minutes of aerobic exercise daily, six days a week, alongside strength, flexibility, and balance exercises. This combination of dietary and physical activity changes was designed to promote long-term health benefits.

The Role of Professional Support

To ensure adherence, the intervention group received support from trained dietitians three times a month during the first year, followed by monthly group sessions and individual check-ins every three months for the remaining five years. This ongoing support helped participants maintain their lifestyle changes and achieve greater weight loss than the control group.

In contrast, the control group received monthly supplies of olive oil but only general nutritional and exercise advice twice a year. They did not have calorie restrictions, structured exercise programs, or specific weight-loss goals.

Understanding the Mediterranean Diet

The Mediterranean diet, often described as an eating style rather than a strict diet, has been associated with numerous health benefits. Studies suggest it can reduce the risk of diabetes, high cholesterol, dementia, memory loss, depression, and breast cancer. It emphasizes plant-based foods, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and healthy fats like extra virgin olive oil. Red meat is consumed sparingly, while oily fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids is encouraged.

Social interactions during meals and regular physical activity are also integral to the Mediterranean lifestyle. Eating with family and friends, mindful eating, and engaging in movement and exercise are key components of this approach.

Embracing a Healthier Lifestyle

Adopting a Mediterranean-style diet can lead to long-term health improvements. By focusing on whole, nutrient-dense foods and incorporating regular physical activity, individuals can enhance their overall well-being and reduce their risk of chronic diseases. With the right support and commitment, making sustainable lifestyle changes is not only possible but highly beneficial.

Does blood sugar tracking help non-diabetics?

Does blood sugar tracking help non-diabetics?

M Hasan    6:09 PM   

Understanding Blood Sugar and Its Impact on Health

Blood sugar, or glucose, is the primary source of energy for the body. It comes from the carbohydrates we consume, which are broken down by the digestive system and absorbed into the bloodstream. Once in the blood, glucose is transported to cells where it is used for energy or stored. This process is regulated by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose, ensuring that blood sugar levels remain stable.

For people with diabetes, monitoring blood sugar is crucial because their bodies either don't produce enough insulin or can't use it effectively. This leads to high blood sugar levels, which can cause serious health complications over time. However, the question remains: Is blood sugar monitoring beneficial for non-diabetics?

What is Blood Sugar?

Glucose is essential for energy metabolism. As Dr. Brigitte Bäuerlein, a nutritional scientist, explains, "It's our currency in energy metabolism." Blood sugar levels are measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) and typically rise after eating, especially after consuming foods high in simple sugars or refined carbohydrates. In healthy individuals, these levels return to normal within a few hours. But in diabetics, this balance is disrupted due to issues with insulin production or function.

Stress can also affect blood sugar levels. When the body is under stress, such as during a hectic day in a busy city, the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream as part of the "fight or flight" response. This can lead to temporary spikes in blood sugar.

Methods of Testing Blood Sugar

There are several ways to monitor blood sugar levels. The most common method involves a blood glucose meter, which requires a small drop of blood obtained through a finger prick. Another method is the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test, which provides an average of blood sugar levels over the past two to three months. This test is often used by medical professionals to diagnose diabetes.

A more advanced option is the continuous glucose monitor (CGM), which uses a sensor placed under the skin to measure glucose levels in the interstitial fluid. These devices provide real-time data and can be connected to a smartphone or receiver. While CGMs offer convenience, they require proper training and may not be cost-effective for non-diabetics.

What is a Glucose Spike?

A glucose spike occurs when there is a sharp increase in blood sugar levels, usually after consuming foods high in simple carbohydrates. These spikes can lead to intense cravings for sugary or processed foods, creating a cycle of highs and lows. When the body releases too much insulin to manage the spike, blood sugar levels can drop rapidly, resulting in a "crash" that leaves you feeling hungry and fatigued.

Can Non-Diabetics Benefit from Monitoring?

According to Bernhard Kulzer, head of the research institute at the Bad Mergentheim Diabetes Academy, non-diabetics generally do not need to monitor their blood sugar levels. The body naturally regulates glucose through the release of insulin and glucagon, hormones that help maintain balance. However, there are exceptions.

Endurance athletes may benefit from monitoring their blood sugar to avoid "hitting the wall," a state of sudden energy depletion caused by low glycogen stores. For individuals with a family history of diabetes, checking blood sugar levels for a short period can help understand how certain foods affect their body. However, long-term monitoring is not necessary unless there is a specific medical reason.

Pros and Cons of Monitoring Blood Sugar

Monitoring blood sugar can provide valuable biofeedback, helping individuals understand how their diet and lifestyle choices affect their body. This information can be useful for making informed decisions about nutrition and exercise. However, interpreting the results requires knowledge and guidance. Without proper understanding, the data may not be meaningful.

Kulzer advises against constant monitoring for healthy individuals, noting that it can be costly and unnecessary. Bäuerlein warns that obsessing over every meal could lead to compulsive behaviors, particularly around food choices.

Blood Sugar and Weight Loss

While stable blood sugar levels can contribute to better overall health, they are not the sole factor in weight loss. According to Bäuerlein, individual responses to sugar vary based on factors like age, muscle mass, and activity level. Kulzer emphasizes that calorie intake is the key to losing weight. To shed pounds, one must consume fewer calories than their body burns through daily activities and metabolism.

Healthy Nutrition Practices

Maintaining a balanced diet is essential for preventing glucose spikes and reducing cravings. This includes eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, fiber, and lean proteins while limiting empty carbs and added sugars. Avoiding sugary drinks and snacks, such as soft drinks, juices, and smoothies, can help reprogram food preferences over time.

Starting meals with a salad or vegetables can slow the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream, helping to maintain more stable blood sugar levels throughout the day. Making mindful food choices and staying informed about nutrition can lead to long-term health benefits for everyone, regardless of whether they have diabetes or not.